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# PhenoSys

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://www.phenosys.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Cracking the multisensory code: a conversation with Janelle Pakan.](https://www.phenosys.com/cracking-the-multisensory-code-a-conversation-with-janelle-pakan/) - In pediatrics, young patients may not be able to communicate the exact location and intensity of the pain they’re experiencing. With SPECT/CT the origin of pain becomes clearly visible, which can lead to more accurate diagnoses and surgical planning. Nuclear medicine physicians are learning how to share visual findings from SPECT/CT with referring orthopedic surgeons, resulting in improved collaboration and outcomes.
- [Mini2P – PhenoSys sponsors Senses in Motion by Max Planck Society in Berlin](https://www.phenosys.com/mini2p-phenosys-sponsors-senses-in-motion-by-max-planck-society-in-berlin/) - A recent panel discussion on “The Promise of Quantum for Industry” at the annual IBM Quantum Summit homed in on several business challenges that quantum computers are well-suited to tackle and more.
- [qOMR – Exploring Diverse Applications in new 5 publications](https://www.phenosys.com/qomr-exploring-diverse-applications-in-new-5-publications/) - One of the leading companies in the sector warns that they tend to give false negatives in people with lower amounts of virus and point out that they are only reliable in those with high viral load
- [Tracking natural substance use with home-cage monitoring](https://www.phenosys.com/tracking-natural-substance-use-with-home-cage-monitoring/) - In pediatrics, young patients may not be able to communicate the exact location and intensity of the pain they’re experiencing. With SPECT/CT the origin of pain becomes clearly visible, which can lead to more accurate diagnoses.
- [Unveiling the Hidden Players in How Our Brain Navigates](https://www.phenosys.com/unveiling-the-hidden-players-in-how-our-brain-navigates-2/) - At its annual Quantum Summit in New York, IBM unveiled its quantum roadmap for both hardware and software through the next 10 years. It represents a continuation of the roadmaps they have presented but also promises a disruptive leap for 2024.
- [The convergence of nuclear medicine](https://www.phenosys.com/the-convergence-of-nuclear-medicine/) - In pediatrics, young patients may not be able to communicate the exact location and intensity of the pain they’re experiencing. With SPECT/CT the origin of pain becomes clearly visible, which can lead to more accurate diagnoses and surgical planning. Nuclear medicine physicians are learning how to share visual findings from SPECT/CT with referring orthopedic surgeons, resulting in improved collaboration and outcomes.
- [Impaired drainage through capillary-venous networks contributes to age-related white matter loss…](https://www.phenosys.com/impaired-drainage-through-capillary-venous-networks-contributes-to-age-related-white-matter-loss/) - In pediatrics, young patients may not be able to communicate the exact location and intensity of the pain they’re experiencing. With SPECT/CT the origin of pain becomes clearly visible, which can lead to more accurate diagnoses and surgical planning. Nuclear medicine physicians are learning how to share visual findings from SPECT/CT with referring orthopedic surgeons, resulting in improved collaboration and outcomes.
- [PhenoSys sponsors 2024 Neuroimaging Course at MPFI Florida](https://www.phenosys.com/phenosys-sponsors-2024-neuroimaging-course-at-mpfi-florida/) - In pediatrics, young patients may not be able to communicate the exact location and intensity of the pain they’re experiencing. With SPECT/CT the origin of pain becomes clearly visible, which can lead to more accurate diagnoses and surgical planning. Nuclear medicine physicians are learning how to share visual findings from SPECT/CT with referring orthopedic surgeons, resulting in improved collaboration and outcomes.
- [Unveiling the Hidden Players in How Our Brain Navigates](https://www.phenosys.com/unveiling-the-hidden-players-in-how-our-brain-navigates/) - In pediatrics, young patients may not be able to communicate the exact location and intensity of the pain they’re experiencing. With SPECT/CT the origin of pain becomes clearly visible, which can lead to more accurate diagnoses and surgical planning. Nuclear medicine physicians are learning how to share visual findings from SPECT/CT with referring orthopedic surgeons, resulting in improved collaboration and outcomes.
- [Decoding the Brain's Learning Secrets](https://www.phenosys.com/decoding-the-brains-learning-secrets/) - How Dr. Llopis’ Lab Used the PhenoSys JetBall to Uncover the Neural Mechanics of Learning Dr. Nuria Vendrell Llopis is an Assistant Professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham whose journey into neuroscience was anything but conventional. Starting with a background in telecommunication engineering, her path shifted dramatically after an "aha moment" with a
- [Our brand new VR brochure is online](https://www.phenosys.com/our-brand-new-vr-brochure-is-online/) - In pediatrics, young patients may not be able to communicate the exact location and intensity of the pain they’re experiencing. With SPECT/CT the origin of pain becomes clearly visible, which can lead to more accurate diagnoses and surgical planning. Nuclear medicine physicians are learning how to share visual findings from SPECT/CT with referring orthopedic surgeons, resulting in improved collaboration and outcomes.
- [Our brand new Mini2P brochure is online!](https://www.phenosys.com/our-brand-new-mini2p-brochure-is-online-2/)
- [qOMR – Exploring Diverse Applications in new 5 publications](https://www.phenosys.com/qomr-exploring-diverse-applications-in-new-5-publications-2/) - It is remarkable and inspiring to watch the diverse range of applications facilitated by the PhenoSys qOMR. In the five latest publications at hand, the qOMR has been key in providing significant insights across various research domains. Congratulations to the research teams on these noteworthy publications. Studying Optic Neuropathies Gan et al. (1) demonstrate the involvement

## Pages

- [Home](https://www.phenosys.com/) - Solutions for animal brain and behavior research Advance your neuroscience research with reliable animal research equipment. We provide turnkey solutions for brain imaging, behavior analysis, and integrated animal tracking and monitoring. Learn more The Mini2P Turnkey System A complete, ready-to-use system featuring an ultralight scope with on-board SiPM detectors, for stable, high-resolution, 2-photon calcium imaging
- [Virtual Reality](https://www.phenosys.com/brain-research/virtual-reality/) - Virtual Reality Systems Explore immersive and modular virtual reality systems for rodents. Options for different kind of treadmills, displays and add-on operant modules available. Explore Systems At PhenoSys, we are pioneering the integration of Virtual Reality (VR) technology with brain and behaviour research on mice and rats. Our systems are developed and refined over a
- [Customer Stories](https://www.phenosys.com/customer-stories/) - Customer stories Explore the journeys of fellow researchers powered by our technology. 1 The Role of Real-World Input in Brain Development Prof. Dr. Nuria Vendrell Llopis Assistant Professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham Read More 1 A Quest for Breakthroughs in Autism and Cognitive Disorders Dr. Aleksandra Badura Associate Professor of Neuroscience at Erasmus
- [PhenoLearn](https://www.phenosys.com/phenolearn/) - Welcome To PhenoLearn Specialized Training in Behavioural Analysis & Surgical Technique At PhenoSys, we recognize the critical importance of high-quality training for successful research. Working closely together with Lab-Animal-Training, a recognised leader in the field of lab animal science education, our PhenoLearn initiative offers specialized courses and workshops for researchers and technicians, focusing on best
- [Publications](https://www.phenosys.com/our-publications/) - Validated Peer-Reviewed Research Explore the discoveries made possible by our solutions. Search Solutions All ImagingMetabolic MeasurementMonitoring & trackingVirtual RealityVision Assessment Product All CaloBoxColonyRackIdsorterIDsorter for RatsIdspyderJetBall-TFTMini2PMoculusMultiMouseMonitorqOMRqOMR-XTSpeedBeltSteering Wheel Year All 20262025202420232022202120202019201820172016201520142013 Search Medial prefrontal cortex activity precedes dorsomedial striatum in need for change during history-based flexible behavior Being cognitively flexible is vital for survival, and its impairment
- [Vision Assessment](https://www.phenosys.com/brain-research/vision-assessment/) - Simplifying Vision Assessment in Mice & Rats Measuring Visual Clarity and Contrast Sensitivity with Accuracy Explore Systems What We Offer Objective & Automated Measurement Quantify visual acuity and contrast sensitivity using the optomotor response (OMR), eliminating subjective interpretation. Comprehensive Visual CharacterizationEnable detailed vision assessment, screening for vision defects, disease progression monitoring, phenotyping of new breed
- [Monitoring & Tracking](https://www.phenosys.com/behavior-research/monitoring-tracking/) - Monitoring & Tracking Solutions for Advanced Behavioral Studies Integrated, animal-friendly systems for precise data collection of group-housed animals. Explore Systems We provide researchers with sophisticated, integrated systems designed to revolutionize the study of individual animals in housed in groups. We understand the complexities of behavioral research and the critical need for accurate, continuous, and undisturbed
- [Metabolic Measurement](https://www.phenosys.com/behavior-research/metabolic-measurement/) - CaloBox: The Push-Button Small Animal Calorimetry System Advanced push-button system for automated measurement of metabolic rate, energy expenditure, respiratory exchange and more in mice, rats, and birds. Explore System What we offer Automated Metabolic AnalysisAutomated measurement and calculation of key metabolic parameters (metabolic rate, energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio). Comprehensive Data Precise analysis of O2 consumption,
- [Imaging](https://www.phenosys.com/brain-research/imaging/) - Innovating Continuously for Advanced Imaging Technology transforming how we see and understand the brain. Explore Systems We aim to empower neuroscientists with unparalleled capabilities for in vivo neural imaging, allowing for the precise visualization of brain activity in freely moving animals, thus bridging the gap between cellular function and natural behavior.At the centre of this
- [Careers](https://www.phenosys.com/careers/) - Careers at PhenoSys Join a team where innovation, collaboration, and impact come first. Collaborative and Creative Environment We thrive on collaboration. Our team is a unique blend of engineers, scientists, and behavioral biologists working together in the heart of Berlin. We value every voice and believe that the best solutions come from diverse perspectives. Impact
- [About PhenoSys](https://www.phenosys.com/about-phenosys/) - About Us Reliable Turnkey Solutions for Brain and behavior research ..and a team dedicated to your success, we’re with you every step of the way. Founded in 2006, PhenoSys is a Berlin-based technology and service company specializing in turnkey solutions for animal brain research and behavioral phenotyping. Our multicultural R&D team brings together diverse expertise
- [Conferences](https://www.phenosys.com/conferences/) - Conferences Would you like to see our products in real life and get more individual information? Do you already have a specific project in mind, or would you like to know more about PhenoSys? Then visit us at one of our next exhibitions to meet our team and products. View our future and past international
- [The Role of Real-World Input in Brain Development](https://www.phenosys.com/customer-stories/dr-llopis/) - Experience as a Teacher The Role of Real-World Input in Brain Development Prof. Dr. Nuria Vendrell Llopis, Assistant Professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, began her journey in neuroscience from an unlikely starting point telecommunication engineering. Her path took a pivotal turn after an aha moment in a bioelectronics class, inspiring her to
- [News](https://www.phenosys.com/news/) - qOMR – Exploring Diverse Applications in new 5 publications It is remarkable and inspiring to watch the diverse range of applications facilitated by the PhenoSys qOMR. In the five latest publications at hand, the qOMR has been key in providing significant insights across various research domains. Congratulations to the research teams on these noteworthy publications.
- [Blog](https://www.phenosys.com/blog/) - Cracking the multisensory code: a conversation with Janelle Pakan. In pediatrics, young patients may not be able to communicate the exact location and intensity of the pain they’re experiencing. With SPECT/CT the origin of pain becomes clearly visible, which can lead to more accurate diagnoses and surgical planning. Nuclear medicine physicians are learning how to
- [Tech Support](https://www.phenosys.com/tech-support/) - Get In Touch Our application scientists ensure you get the most out of our solutions offering guidance, technical support, and advice on novel applications. Please use the form to get in touch. PhenoSys GmbH Eichborndamm 167, Bldg. 42, 13403 Berlin, Germany info@phenosys.com Tech Support First name* Last name* Email* Organization Country Select Product* Mini2PJetBallDoubleDiskMoculusSpeedBeltSteering WheelqOMRqOMR-XTMultiMouseMonitorIDspyderIDrevolyzerColonyRackIDsorterCalobox
- [Request a quote](https://www.phenosys.com/request-a-quote/) - Get In Touch Interested in a quote or booking a consultation call? We’d be happy to assist feel free to get in touch! PhenoSys GmbH Eichborndamm 167, Bldg. 42, 13403 Berlin, Germany info@phenosys.com Get Quote Book a Consultation First name* Last name* Email* Organization Country Select Product* Mini2PJetBallDoubleDiskMoculusSpeedBeltSteering WheelqOMRqOMR-XTMultiMouseMonitorIDspyderIDrevolyzerColonyRackIDsorterCalobox Your message Yes, I'd like to
- [General Inquiries](https://www.phenosys.com/general-inquiries/) - Get In Touch We welcome all queries, whether you’re reaching out about partnerships, media, academic collaborationsor anything else related to PhenoSys and our work. Please fill out the form below, and we’ll make sure your message reaches the right person on our team. PhenoSys GmbH Eichborndamm 167, Bldg. 42, 13403 Berlin, Germany info@phenosys.com General Inquiries
- [Uncovering the Spatiotemporal Dynamic of Behavioral Flexibility](https://www.phenosys.com/customer-stories/dr-gideon-a-sarpong/) - Uncovering the Spatiotemporal Dynamic of Behavioral Flexibility How the brain learns from Experience For Dr. Gideon A. Sarpong, a researcher at the Neurobiology Research (Wickens) Unit of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), the journey into the brain began with a fundamental curiosity: how do microscopic neurons govern complex behavior? Dr. Sarpong is
- [Distributors](https://www.phenosys.com/distributors/) - Global Distribution Network PhenoSys partners with trusted distributors across the globe to streamline the process of purchasing, delivery, and local support. Contact Us AustraliaNew Zealand & OceaniaScitech Pty. Ltd. 📍Preston, Australia 📞 +61 3 94 80 49 99 📧 con@scitech.com.au China Beijing, ChinaHong Kong Plexon Ltd. 📍Beijing, China 📞 +86 10 82 85 96 55
- [A Quest for Breakthroughs in Autism and Cognitive Disorders](https://www.phenosys.com/customer-stories/dr-badura/) - Understanding How We Learn A Quest for Breakthroughs in Autism and Cognitive Disorders Dr. Aleksandra Badura, Associate Professor of Neuroscience at Erasmus MC, the path to understanding the brain began with a simple but profound question: How does it really work? She began her academic career with a master’s degree in psychology, later shifting to
- [Behavior Research](https://www.phenosys.com/behavior-research/) - Unlock Solutions for Behavior Research Explore our integrated solutions designed to empower scientists investigating animal behavior, cognition, and decision-making in mouse and rat models—while preserving ecological validity. Explore Our Solutions Book a Consultation Understanding Behavior in Naturalistic Contexts Behavior acts as the crucial link between brain function and observable action. To truly grasp how genes,
- [Brain Research](https://www.phenosys.com/brain-research/) - Unlock solutions for Brain Research Explore our integrated solutions designed to empower scientists studying brain structure, function and development. Explore Our Solutions Book a Consultation As neuroscience pushes the boundaries of understanding the brain’s complexity, mouse and rat models remain essential for uncovering the neural foundations of behavior, cognition, and disease. At PhenoSys, we create
- [Legal & Privacy Policy](https://www.phenosys.com/legal-privacy-policy/) - Imprint Responsible according to §5 TMG: York Winter, Managing Director, PhenoSys GmbH PhenoSys GmbHEichborndamm 167, Haus 4213403 BerlinGermanyTel.: +49-30 28 87 98 67Fax: +49-30 555 762 399Email: info@phenosys.comEU Tax Identity Number: DE247561987 Registered at the District Court of Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany: HRB 126303 B Privacy Policy PhenoSys is committed to protecting your privacy while you interact
- [Uncovering the Role of Inhibitory Neurons in Learning and Memory](https://www.phenosys.com/customer-stories/dr-jeong/) - The Brain’s Braking System Uncovering the Role of Inhibitory Neurons in Learning and Memory Dr. Nuri Jeong, neuroscientist and entrepreneur, understanding the brain isn’t just a profession—it’s a passion. Inspired by her grandmother’s battle with Alzheimer’s, Dr. Jeong is driven to uncover how we learn, how value systems are shaped, and how the dopamine system
- [new draft page](https://www.phenosys.com/new-draft-page/) - Add Your Heading Text Here Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.

## My Templates

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## Publications

- [Medial prefrontal cortex activity precedes dorsomedial striatum in need for change during history-based flexible behavior](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/jetball-tft-study-neural-resilience-2025/) - Being cognitively flexible is vital for survival, and its impairment is central to many psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Both the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and dorsomedial striatum (DMS) are essential for cognitive flexibility, but their specific roles—particularly which region first detects and encodes environmental changes—remain debated. Using head-restrained mice in a choice task based on
- [PinkyCaMP: an mScarlet-based calcium sensor with enhanced brightness, photostability and multiplexing capabilities](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/pinkycamp/) - Genetically encoded calcium (Ca2+) indicators (GECIs) are essential tools for monitoring neuronal activity, but the performance of red fluorescent GECIs has remained limited. In particular, many red indicators are relatively dim, produce low signal-to-noise ratios and can undergo unwanted photoswitching when exposed to blue light, restricting their use in all-optical experiments that combine imaging with
- [Typical development of synaptic and neuronal properties can proceed without microglia in the cortex and thalamus](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/typical-development-of-synaptic-and-neuronal-properties-can-proceed-without-microglia-in-the-cortex-and-thalamus/) - Brain-resident macrophages, microglia, have been proposed to have an active role in synaptic refinement and maturation, influencing plasticity and circuit-level connectivity. Here we show that several neurodevelopmental processes previously attributed to microglia can proceed without them. Using a genetically modified mouse that lacks microglia (Csf1r∆FIRE/∆FIRE), we find that intrinsic properties, synapse number and synaptic maturation
- [Typical development of synaptic and neuronal properties can proceed without microglia in the cortex and thalamus](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/typical-development-of-synaptic-and-neuronal-properties-can-proceed-without-microglia-in-the-cortex-and-thalamus-2/) - Brain-resident macrophages, microglia, have been proposed to have an active role in synaptic refinement and maturation, influencing plasticity and circuit-level connectivity. Here we show that several neurodevelopmental processes previously attributed to microglia can proceed without them. Using a genetically modified mouse that lacks microglia (Csf1r∆FIRE/∆FIRE), we find that intrinsic properties, synapse number and synaptic maturation
- [Impaired capillary–venous drainage contributes to gliosis and demyelination in mouse white matter during aging](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/impaired-capillary-venous-drainage-contributes-to-gliosis-and-demyelination-in-mouse-white-matter-during-aging/) - The progressive loss of cerebral white matter during aging contributes to cognitive decline, but whether reduced blood flow is a cause or a consequence remains debatable. Using deep multi-photon imaging in mice, we examined microvascular networks perfusing myelinated tissues in cortical layer 6 and the corpus callosum. We identified sparse, wide-reaching venules, termed principal cortical
- [Chemical reprogramming of fibroblasts into retinal pigment epithelium cells for vision restoration](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/chemical-reprogramming-of-fibroblasts-into-retinal-pigment-epithelium-cells-for-vision-restoration/) - Restoring retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells is crucial for treating retinal degenerative (RD) diseases, with chemical reprogramming offering a transformative, scalable solution. However, identifying key chemical compounds for generating functional RPE cells from somatic cells remains challenging. Here, we present a two-step chemical reprogramming strategy to convert fibroblasts into functional chemical induced RPE (ciRPE) cells.
- [Discovery of a selective alpha-kinase 1 inhibitor for the rare genetic disease ROSAH syndrome](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/discovery-of-a-selective-alpha-kinase-1-inhibitor-for-the-rare-genetic-disease-rosah-syndrome/) - ROSAH (retinal dystrophy, optic nerve edema, splenomegaly, anhidrosis, and headache) syndrome is a rare genetic disease caused by variants in alpha-kinase 1 (ALPK1) resulting in downstream pro-inflammatory signaling mediated by the TIFA/TRAF6/NF-κB pathway. Here, we report the design of an ALPK1 inhibitor, DF-003, with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for daily oral dosing. In biochemical assays, DF-003
- [Spatially heterogeneous acetylcholine dynamics in the striatum promote behavioral flexibility](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/spatially-heterogeneous-acetylcholine-dynamics-in-the-striatum-promote-behavioral-flexibility/) - Being able to switch from established choices to new alternatives when conditions change – behavioral flexibility – is essential for survival. Cholinergic signaling in the striatum contributes to such flexible behavior, yet the timing and spatial organization of acetylcholine release during contingency changes remain unclear, limiting conceptual understanding of its role in behavioral flexibility. Using
- [Vendrell-Llopis N, et al. Dopamine D1 receptor activation in the striatum is sufficient to drive reinforcement of anteceding cortical patterns.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/vendrell-llopis-n-et-al-dopamine-d1-receptor-activation-in-the-striatum-is-sufficient-to-drive-reinforcement-of-anteceding-cortical-patterns/) - Timed dopamine signals underlie reinforcement learning, favoring neural activity patterns that drive behaviors with positive outcomes. In the striatum, dopamine activates five dopamine receptors (D1R–D5R), which are differentially expressed in striatal neurons. However, the role of specific dopamine receptors in reinforcement is poorly understood. Using our cell-specific D1R photo-agonist, we find that D1R activation in
- [Glorius, J. K., et al. Behavioral Training Procedures for Head-fixed Virtual Reality in Mice.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/glorius-j-k-et-al-behavioral-training-procedures-for-head-fixed-virtual-reality-in-mice/) - Virtual reality (VR) combined with head-fixation is increasingly being utilized in behavioral neuroscience studies as it allows complex behavioral assays to be performed in head-fixed mice. This enables precise behavioral recordings while incorporating various neurophysiological techniques that require head-fixation to minimize movement-related signal noise during neural recordings. However, despite the growing use of VR, there
- [Forro and Klausberger, Differential behavior-related activity of distinct hippocampal interneuron types during odor-associated spatial navigation.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/forro-and-klausberger-differential-behavior-related-activity-of-distinct-hippocampal-interneuron-types-during-odor-associated-spatial-navigation/) - Hippocampal pyramidal cells represent an animal’s position in space together with specific contexts and events. However, it is largely unknown how distinct types of GABAergic interneurons contribute to such computations. We recorded from the intermediate CA1 hippocampus of head-fixed mice exhibiting odor-to-place memory associations during navigation in a virtual reality (VR). The presence of an
- [Moculus: an immersive virtual reality system for mice incorporating stereo vision.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/moculus-an-immersive-virtual-reality-system-for-mice-incorporating-stereo-vision/) - Due to technical roadblocks, it is unclear how visual circuits represent multiple features or how behaviorally relevant representations are selected for long-term memory. Here we developed Moculus, a head-mounted virtual reality platform for mice that covers the entire visual field, and allows binocular depth perception and full visual immersion. This controllable environment, with three-dimensional (3D)
- [Jeong et al. Goal-specific hippocampal inhibition gates learning.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/jeong-et-al-goal-specific-hippocampal-inhibition-gates-learning/) - Goal-directed navigation in a new environment requires quickly identifying and exploiting important locations. Identifying new goal locations depends on neural computations that rapidly represent locations and connect location information to key outcomes such as food1. However, the mechanisms to trigger these computations at behaviourally relevant locations are not well understood. Here we show that parvalbumin
- [Biró, S., et al. A visual two-choice rule-switch task for head-fixed mice.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/biro-s-et-al-a-visual-two-choice-rule-switch-task-for-head-fixed-mice-2/) - Cognitive flexibility is the innate ability of the brain to change mental processes and to modify behavioral responses according to an ever-changing environment. As our brain has a limited capacity to process the information of our surroundings in any given moment, it uses sets as a strategy to aid neural processing systems. With assessing the
- [Liu et al. “Comparison of Retinal Degeneration Treatment with Four Types of Different Mesenchymal Stem Cells...”](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/liu-et-al-comparison-of-retinal-degeneration-treatment-with-four-types-of-different-mesenchymal-stem-cells/) - Retinal degeneration (RD) is a group of disorders on irreversible vision loss. Multiple types of stem cells were used in clinical trials for RD treatment. However, it remains unknown what kinds of stem cells are most effective for the treatment. Therefore, we investigated the subretinal transplantation of several types of stem cells, human adipose-derived stem
- [Johann, K., et al. Thyroid-hormone-induced browning of white adipose tissue does not contribute to thermogenesis...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/johann-k-et-al-thyroid-hormone-induced-browning-of-white-adipose-tissue-does-not-contribute-to-thermogenesis/) - Neurons in prefrontal cortex (PF) represent mnemonic information about current goals until the action can be selected and executed. However, the neuronal dynamics underlying the transition from goal into specific actions are poorly understood. Here, we show that the goal-coding PF network is dynamically reconfigured from mnemonic to action selection states and that such reconfiguration
- [Martire, V. L., et al. The physiological signature of daily torpor is not orexin dependent.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/martire-v-l-et-al-the-physiological-signature-of-daily-torpor-is-not-orexin-dependent/) - Under conditions of scarce food availability and cool ambient temperature, the mouse (Mus Musculus) enters into torpor, a state of transient metabolic suppression mediated in part by the autonomic nervous system. Hypothalamic orexins are involved in the coordination of behaviors and autonomic function. We tested whether orexins are necessary for the coordinated changes in physiological
- [Oelkrug, R., et al. Maternal Brown Fat Thermogenesis Programs Glucose Tolerance in the Male Offspring.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/oelkrug-r-et-al-maternal-brown-fat-thermogenesis-programs-glucose-tolerance-in-the-male-offspring/) - Environmental temperature is a driving factor in evolution, and it is commonly assumed that metabolic adaptations to cold climates are the result of transgenerational selection. Here, we show in mice that even minor changes in maternal thermogenesis alter the metabolic phenotype already in the next generation. Male offspring of mothers genetically lacking brown adipose tissue
- [Yamagata, T., et al. The hypothalamic link between arousal and sleep homeostasis in mice.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/yamagata-t-et-al-the-hypothalamic-link-between-arousal-and-sleep-homeostasis-in-mice/) - Sleep and wakefulness are not simple, homogenous all-or-none states but represent a spectrum of substates, distinguished by behavior, levels of arousal, and brain activity at the local and global levels. Until now, the role of the hypothalamic circuitry in sleep–wake control was studied primarily with respect to its contribution to rapid state transitions. In contrast,
- [Wellbrock, A. H. J., et al. Cool birds: first evidence of energy-saving nocturnal torpor in free-living commonswifts Apus apus resting in their nests.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/wellbrock-a-h-j-et-al-cool-birds-first-evidence-of-energy-saving-nocturnal-torpor-in-free-living-commonswifts-apus-apus-resting-in-their-nests/) - Daily torpor is a means of saving energy by controlled lowering of the metabolic rate (MR) during resting, usually coupled with a decrease in body temperature. We studied nocturnal daily torpor under natural conditions in free-living common swifts Apus apus resting in their nests as a family using two non-invasive approaches. First, we monitored nest temperature (Tnest)
- [Elfers, K., et al. How much does it cost? Teaching physiology of energy metabolism in mice using an indirect calorimetry system...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/elfers-k-et-al-how-much-does-it-cost-teaching-physiology-of-energy-metabolism-in-mice-using-an-indirect-calorimetry-system/) - In endothermic mammals total energy expenditure (EE) is composed of basal metabolic rate (BMR), energy spent for muscle activity, thermoregulation, any kind of production (such as milk, meat, or egg production), and the thermic effect of feeding. The BMR is predominantly determined by body mass and the surface-to-volume ratio of the body. The EE can
- [van der Vinne, V., et al. Methods to estimate body temperature and energy expenditure dynamics in fed and fasted laboratory mice...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/van-der-vinne-v-et-al-methods-to-estimate-body-temperature-and-energy-expenditure-dynamics-in-fed-and-fasted-laboratory-mice/) - Monitoring body temperature and energy expenditure in freely-moving laboratory mice remains a powerful methodology used widely across a variety of disciplines–including circadian biology, sleep research, metabolic phenotyping, and the study of body temperature regulation. Some of the most pronounced changes in body temperature are observed when small heterothermic species reduce their body temperature during daily
- [Harding et al. Ultrasonic vocalisation rate tracks the diurnal pattern of activity in winter phenotype Djungarian hamsters...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/harding-et-al-ultrasonic-vocalisation-rate-tracks-the-diurnal-pattern-of-activity-in-winter-phenotype-djungarian-hamsters/) - Vocalisations are increasingly being recognised as an important aspect of normal rodent behaviour yet little is known of how they interact with other spontaneous behaviours such as sleep and torpor, particularly in a social setting. We obtained chronic recordings of the vocal behaviour of adult male and female Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) housed under short
- [Heldmaier, G., et al. Silencing of ultradian rhythms and metabolic depression during spontaneous daily torpor...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/heldmaier-g-et-al-silencing-of-ultradian-rhythms-and-metabolic-depression-during-spontaneous-daily-torpor/) - Ultradian rhythms of metabolism, body temperature and activity are attenuated or disappear completely during torpor in Djungarian hamsters, for all three ultradian periodicities (URsmall, URmedium and URlarge). URsmall and URmedium disappear during entrance into torpor, whereas URlarge disappear later or continue with a low amplitude. This suggests a tight functional link between torpor and the expression of ultradian rhythms,
- [Elley, et al. Synthetic torpor in the rat recapitulates key features of natural torpor and protects the heart...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/elley-et-al-synthetic-torpor-in-the-rat-recapitulates-key-features-of-natural-torpor-and-protects-the-heart/) - During hibernation, animals enter torpor, a reversible physiological state typically characterised by reductions in core temperature, heart rate and oxygen consumption. Species that enter this hypothermic and hypometabolic state are highly tolerant of ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Consequently, there is a growing interest in utilizing aspects of torpor for clinical applications, such as protection from ischaemia-reperfusion injury
- [Francia S, et al. Light-induced charge generation in polymeric nanoparticles restores vision in advanced-stage retinitis pigmentosa rats.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/francia-s-et-al-light-induced-charge-generation-in-polymeric-nanoparticles-restores-vision-in-advanced-stage-retinitis-pigmentosa-rats/) - Retinal dystrophies such as Retinitis pigmentosa are among the most prevalent causes of inherited legal blindness, for which treatments are in demand. Retinal prostheses have been developed to stimulate the inner retinal network that, initially spared by degeneration, deteriorates in the late stages of the disease. We recently reported that conjugated polymer nanoparticles persistently rescue visual activities
- [Kretschmer, F., et al. Comparison of optomotor and optokinetic reflexes in mice.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/kretschmer-f-et-al-comparison-of-optomotor-and-optokinetic-reflexes-in-mice/) - Cortical slow oscillations (0.1–1 Hz), which may play a role in memory consolidation, are a hallmark of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and also occur under anesthesia. During slow oscillations the neuronal network generates faster oscillations on the active Up-states and these nested oscillations are particularly prominent in the PFC. In rodents the medial prefrontal
- [Kretschmer V, et al. Deletion of IFT20 exclusively in the RPE ablates primary cilia and leads to retinal degeneration.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/kretschmer-v-et-al-deletion-of-ift20-exclusively-in-the-rpe-ablates-primary-cilia-and-leads-to-retinal-degeneration/) - Vision impairment places a serious burden on the aging society, affecting the lives of millions of people. Many retinal diseases are of genetic origin, of which over 50% are due to mutations in cilia-associated genes. Most research on retinal degeneration has focused on the ciliated photoreceptor cells of the retina. However, the contribution of primary
- [Wang, X., et al. Requirement for microglia for the maintenance of synaptic function and integrity in the mature retina.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/wang-x-et-al-requirement-for-microglia-for-the-maintenance-of-synaptic-function-and-integrity-in-the-mature-retina/) - Microglia, the principal resident immune cell of the CNS, exert significant influence on neurons during development and in pathological situations. However, if and how microglia contribute to normal neuronal function in the mature uninjured CNS is not well understood. We used the model of the adult mouse retina, a part of the CNS amenable to
- [Thomson, B. R., et al. Angiopoietin-1 Knockout Mice as a Genetic Model of Open-Angle Glaucoma.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/thomson-b-r-et-al-angiopoietin-1-knockout-mice-as-a-genetic-model-of-open-angle-glaucoma/) - Purpose: A leading cause of blindness worldwide, glaucoma is often caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to impaired aqueous humor outflow from the anterior chamber through Schlemm's canal (SC) and the trabecular meshwork. Despite the large clinical burden, glaucoma research and drug development are hindered by a limited selection of preclinical models that accurately recapitulate
- [Chan, K., et al. Induced Retinal Functional Alterations and Second-Order Neuron Plasticity in C57BL/6J Mice.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/chan-k-et-al-induced-retinal-functional-alterations-and-second-order-neuron-plasticity-in-c57bl-6j-mice/) - Vigabatrin (VGB) is an effective antiepileptic that increases concentrations of inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by inhibiting GABA transaminase. Reports of VGB-associated visual field loss limit its clinical usefulness, and retinal toxicity studies in laboratory animals have yielded conflicting results. Methods: We examined the functional and morphologic effects of VGB in C57BL/6J mice that received either VGB
- [Lees, R. N., et al. Retinal Ganglion Cell defects cause decision shifts in visually evoked defense responses.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/lees-r-n-et-al-retinal-ganglion-cell-defects-cause-decision-shifts-in-visually-evoked-defense-responses/) - A variety of visual cues can trigger defensive reactions in mice and other species. In mice, looming stimuli that mimic an approaching aerial predator elicit flight or freezing reactions, while sweeping stimuli that mimic an aerial predator flying parallel to the ground typically elicit freezing. The retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types involved in these circuits
- [Suh, S., et al. Restoration of visual function in adult mice with an inherited retinal disease via adenine base editing.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/suh-s-et-al-restoration-of-visual-function-in-adult-mice-with-an-inherited-retinal-disease-via-adenine-base-editing/) - Cytosine base editors and adenine base editors (ABEs) can correct point mutations predictably and independent of Cas9-induced double-stranded DNA breaks (which causes substantial indel formation) and homology-directed repair (which typically leads to low editing efficiency). Here, we show, in adult mice, that a subretinal injection of a lentivirus expressing an ABE and a single-guide RNA
- [Huh, C.Y.L., et al. Retinoid therapy restores eye-specific cortical responses in adult mice with retinal degeneration.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/huh-c-y-l-et-al-retinoid-therapy-restores-eye-specific-cortical-responses-in-adult-mice-with-retinal-degeneration/) - Despite the recent emergence of multiple cellular and molecular strategies to restore vision in retinal disorders, it remains unclear to what extent central visual circuits can recover when retinal defects are corrected in adulthood. We addressed this question in an Lrat−/− mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) in which retinal light sensitivity and optomotor responses are
- [Liu Y, et al. Adenine base editor-mediated splicing remodeling activates non-canonical splice sites.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/liu-y-et-al-adenine-base-editor-mediated-splicing-remodeling-activates-non-canonical-splice-sites/) - Adenine base editors (ABEs) are genome-editing tools that have been harnessed to introduce precise A•T to G•C conversion. The discovery of split genes revealed that all introns contain two highly conserved dinucleotides, canonical “AG” (acceptor) and “GT” (donor) splice sites. ABE can directly edit splice acceptor sites of the adenine (A) base, leading to aberrant
- [Leinonen, H., et al. A combination treatment based on drug repurposing demonstrates mutation-agnostic efficacy...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/leinonen-h-et-al-a-combination-treatment-based-on-drug-repurposing-demonstrates-mutation-agnostic-efficacy/) - Inherited retinopathies are devastating diseases that in most cases lack treatment options. Disease-modifying therapies that mitigate pathophysiology regardless of the underlying genetic lesion are desirable due to the diversity of mutations found in such diseases. We tested a systems pharmacology-based strategy that suppresses intracellular cAMP and Ca2+ activity via G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) modulation using
- [Z Tian, Q Liu, et al. Effects of ECM protein-coated surfaces on the generation of retinal pigment epithelium cells differentiated...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/z-tian-q-liu-et-al-effects-of-ecm-protein-coated-surfaces-on-the-generation-of-retinal-pigment-epithelium-cells-differentiated/) - Retinal degeneration diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP), initially manifest as dysfunction or death of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Subretinal transplantation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived RPE cells has emerged as a potential therapy for retinal degeneration. However, RPE cells differentiated from hPSCs using current protocols are xeno-containing
- [Onishi, Akishi, et al. Optimization of HITI-Mediated Gene Insertion for Rhodopsin and Peripherin-2 in Mouse Rod Photoreceptors...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/onishi-akishi-et-al-optimization-of-hiti-mediated-gene-insertion-for-rhodopsin-and-peripherin-2-in-mouse-rod-photoreceptors/) - Purpose: Among the genome-editing methods for repairing disease-causing mutations resulting in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, homology-independent targeted integration (HITI)-mediated gene insertion of the normal form of the causative gene is useful because it allows the development of mutation-agnostic therapeutic products. In this study, we aimed for the rapid optimization and validation of HITI-treatment gene constructs of
- [Huang, Y., et al. Interactions between excitatory neurons and parvalbumin interneurons in V1 underlie neural mechanisms of amblyopia...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/huang-y-et-al-interactions-between-excitatory-neurons-and-parvalbumin-interneurons-in-v1-underlie-neural-mechanisms-of-amblyopia/) - As the main cause of visual function deficits in children and adolescents worldwide, amblyopia causes serious impairment of monocular visual acuity and stereopsis. The recovery of visual functions from amblyopia beyond the critical period is slow and incomplete due to the limited plasticity of the mature cortex; notably, visual stimulation training seems to be an
- [Ziraldo, G., et al. A membrane-targeted photoswitch restores physiological ON/OFF responses to light in the degenerate retina.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/ziraldo-g-et-al-a-membrane-targeted-photoswitch-restores-physiological-on-off-responses-to-light-in-the-degenerate-retina/) - The lack of effective therapies for visual restoration in Retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration has led to the development of new strategies, such as optogenetics and retinal prostheses. However, visual restoration is poor due to the massive light-evoked activation of retinal neurons, regardless of the segregation of visual information in ON and OFF channels, which is essential
- [Liu et al. “Adenine Base Editor–Mediated Splicing Remodeling Activates Noncanonical Splice Sites”.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/liu-et-al-adenine-base-editor-mediated-splicing-remodeling-activates-noncanonical-splice-sites/) - Adenine base editors (ABEs) are genome-editing tools that have been harnessed to introduce precise A•T to G•C conversion. The discovery of split genes revealed that all introns contain two highly conserved dinucleotides, canonical “AG” (acceptor) and “GT” (donor) splice sites. ABE can directly edit splice acceptor sites of the adenine (A) base, leading to aberrant
- [Onishi et al. “Efficient Workflow for Validating Homology-Independent Targeted Integration-Mediated Gene Insertion...”](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/onishi-et-al-efficient-workflow-for-validating-homology-independent-targeted-integration-mediated-gene-insertion/) - Among the genome-editing methods for repairing disease-causing mutations resulting in dominant inhibition, homology-independent targeted integration (HITI)-mediated gene insertion of the normal form of the causative gene is useful because it allows the development of mutation-agnostic therapeutic products. For the rapid optimization and validation of highly effective HITI-treatment gene constructs against dominant-negative inheritance of inherited retinal
- [Cole et al. “Characterization of Neural Damage and Neuroinflammation in Pax6 Small-Eye Mice”.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/cole-et-al-characterization-of-neural-damage-and-neuroinflammation-in-pax6-small-eye-mice/) - Aniridia is a panocular condition characterized by a partial or complete loss of the iris. It manifests various developmental deficits in both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye, leading to a progressive vision loss. The homeobox gene PAX6 plays an important role in ocular development and mutations of PAX6 have been the main causative factors for aniridia. In this
- [Gan et al. “Srgap2 Suppression Ameliorates Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration in Mice”.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/gan-et-al-srgap2-suppression-ameliorates-retinal-ganglion-cell-degeneration-in-mice/) - Slit-Robo GTPase-activating protein 2 (SRGAP2) plays important roles in axon guidance, neuronal migration, synapse formation, and nerve regeneration. However, the role of SRGAP2 in neuroretinal degenerative disease remains unclear. In this study, we found that SRGAP2 protein was first expressed in the retina of normal mice at the embryonic stage and was mainly located in
- [A system to measure the Optokinetic and Optomotor response in mice.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/a-system-to-measure-the-optokinetic-and-optomotor-response-in-mice/) - Background Assessment of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) is frequently applied to probe the excitability level of the spinal nociceptive circuitry. In humans, the NWR threshold (NWR-T) is often estimated by applying electrical stimulation over the sural nerve at the lateral malleolus. Such stimulation may be associated with substantial pain and discomfort rendering completion of the assessment
- [OMR-Arena: Automated Measurement and Stimulation System to Determine Mouse Visual Thresholds...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/omr-arena-automated-measurement-and-stimulation-system-to-determine-mouse-visual-thresholds/) - Measurement of the optomotor response is a common way to determine thresholds of the visual system in animals. Particularly in mice, it is frequently used to characterize the visual performance of different genetically modified strains or to test the effect of various drugs on visual performance. Several methods have been developed to facilitate the presentation
- [Rivalan et al. An automated, experimenter-free method for the standardised, operant cognitive testing of rats.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/rivalan-et-al-an-automated-experimenter-free-method-for-the-standardised-operant-cognitive-testing-of-rats-3/) - Animal models of human pathology are essential for biomedical research. However, a recurring issue in the use of animal models is the poor reproducibility of behavioural and physiological findings within and between laboratories. The most critical factor influencing this issue remains the experimenter themselves. One solution is the use of procedures devoid of human intervention.
- [Kaupert et al. Spatial cognition in a virtual reality home-cage extension for freely moving rodents.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/kaupert-et-al-spatial-cognition-in-a-virtual-reality-home-cage-extension-for-freely-moving-rodents-2/) - Virtual reality (VR) environments are a powerful tool to investigate brain mechanisms involved in the behavior of animals. With this technique, animals are usually head fixed or secured in a harness, and training for cognitively more complex VR paradigms is time consuming. A VR apparatus allowing free animal movement and the constant operator-independent training of
- [Rivalan et al. An automated, experimenter-free method for the standardised, operant cognitive testing of rats.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/rivalan-et-al-an-automated-experimenter-free-method-for-the-standardised-operant-cognitive-testing-of-rats-2/) - Animal models of human pathology are essential for biomedical research. However, a recurring issue in the use of animal models is the poor reproducibility of behavioural and physiological findings within and between laboratories. The most critical factor influencing this issue remains the experimenter themselves. One solution is the use of procedures devoid of human intervention.
- [Kaupert et al. Spatial cognition in a virtual reality home-cage extension for freely moving rodents.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/kaupert-et-al-spatial-cognition-in-a-virtual-reality-home-cage-extension-for-freely-moving-rodents/) - Virtual reality (VR) environments are a powerful tool to investigate brain mechanisms involved in the behavior of animals. With this technique, animals are usually head fixed or secured in a harness, and training for cognitively more complex VR paradigms is time consuming. A VR apparatus allowing free animal movement and the constant operator-independent training of
- [Huang et al. “Rapid, automated and experimenter-free touchscreen testing reveals reciprocal interactions...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/huang-et-al-rapid-automated-and-experimenter-free-touchscreen-testing-reveals-reciprocal-interactions-2/) - Anorexia nervosa has among the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder and is characterized by cognitive inflexibility that persists after weight recovery and contributes to the chronic nature of the condition. What remains unknown is whether cognitive inflexibility predisposes individuals to anorexia nervosa, a question that is difficult to address in human studies. Our
- [Wong K, et al. Socially Integrated Polysubstance (SIP) system: An open-source solution for continuous monitoring...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/wong-k-et-al-socially-integrated-polysubstance-sip-system-an-open-source-solution-for-continuous-monitoring/) - Despite impressive results from neuroscience research using rodent models, there is a paucity of successful translation from preclinical findings to effective pharmacological interventions for treatment of substance use disorder (SUD) in humans. One potential reason for lack of translation from animal models is difficulty in accurately replicating the lived experience of people who use drugs. Aspects of substance use in humans that are
- [Zocher et al. Early-life environmental enrichment generates persistent individualized behavior in mice.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/zocher-et-al-early-life-environmental-enrichment-generates-persistent-individualized-behavior-in-mice/) - Individuals differ in their response to environmental stimuli, but the stability of individualized behaviors and their associated changes in brain plasticity are poorly understood. We developed a novel model of enriched environment to longitudinally monitor 40 inbred mice exploring 35 connected cages over periods of 3 to 6 months. We show that behavioral individuality that
- [Kempermann et al. The individuality paradigm: Automated longitudinal activity tracking of large cohorts...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/kempermann-et-al-the-individuality-paradigm-automated-longitudinal-activity-tracking-of-large-cohorts/) - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with growing major health impacts, particularly in countries with aging populations. The examination of neural circuit mechanisms in AD mouse models is a recent focus for identifying new AD treatment strategies. We hypothesize that age-progressive changes of both long-range and local hippocampal neural circuit connectivity occur in AD. Recent advancements in viral-genetic
- [Ehret et al. Presymptomatic Reduction of Individuality in the AppNL-F Knockin Model of Alzheimer’s Disease.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/ehret-et-al-presymptomatic-reduction-of-individuality-in-the-appnl-f-knockin-model-of-alzheimers-disease/) - Background One-third of the risk for Alzheimer’s disease is explained by environment and lifestyle, but Alzheimer’s disease pathology might also affect lifestyle and thereby impair the individual potential for health behavior and prevention. Methods We examined in mice how the AppNL-F/NL-F (NL-F) knockin mutation affects the presymptomatic response to environmental enrichment (ENR) as an experimental paradigm
- [Rivalan et al. An automated, experimenter-free method for the standardised, operant cognitive testing of rats.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/rivalan-et-al-an-automated-experimenter-free-method-for-the-standardised-operant-cognitive-testing-of-rats/) - Animal models of human pathology are essential for biomedical research. However, a recurring issue in the use of animal models is the poor reproducibility of behavioural and physiological findings within and between laboratories. The most critical factor influencing this issue remains the experimenter themselves. One solution is the use of procedures devoid of human intervention.
- [Reismann et al. Longitudinal intravital imaging of the femoral bone marrow reveals plasticity within marrow vasculature.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/reismann-et-al-longitudinal-intravital-imaging-of-the-femoral-bone-marrow-reveals-plasticity-within-marrow-vasculature/) - The bone marrow is a central organ of the immune system, which hosts complex interactions of bone and immune compartments critical for hematopoiesis, immunological memory, and bone regeneration. Although these processes take place over months, most existing imaging techniques allow us to follow snapshots of only a few hours, at subcellular resolution. Here, we develop
- [Frahm et al. Alpha-Synuclein transgenic mice, h- α-SynL62, display α-Syn aggregation and a dopaminergic...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/frahm-et-al-alpha-synuclein-transgenic-mice-h-α-synl62-display-α-syn-aggregation-and-a-dopaminergic/) - Alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn) accumulation is considered a major risk factor for the development of synucleinopathies such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies. We have generated mice overexpressing full-length human α-Syn fused to a membrane-targeting signal sequence under the control of the mouse Thy1-promotor. Three separate lines (L56, L58 and L62) with similar gene expression
- [Alonso et al. Inter-individual and inter-strain differences in cognitive and social abilities of Dark Agouti...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/alonso-et-al-inter-individual-and-inter-strain-differences-in-cognitive-and-social-abilities-of-dark-agouti/) - Healthy animals displaying extreme behaviours that resemble human psychiatric symptoms are relevant models to study the natural psychobiological processes of maladapted behaviours. Using a Rat Gambling Task, healthy individuals spontaneously making poor decisions (PDMs) were found to co-express a combination of other cognitive and reward-based characteristics similar to symptoms observed in human patients with impulse-control disorders. The main
- [Huang et al. Rapid, automated and experimenter-free touchscreen testing reveals reciprocal interactions...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/huang-et-al-rapid-automated-and-experimenter-free-touchscreen-testing-reveals-reciprocal-interactions/) - Anorexia nervosa has among the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder and is characterized by cognitive inflexibility that persists after weight recovery and contributes to the chronic nature of the condition. What remains unknown is whether cognitive inflexibility predisposes individuals to anorexia nervosa, a question that is difficult to address in human studies. Our
- [Large-scale two-photon calcium imaging in freely moving mice.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/large-scale-two-photon-calcium-imaging-in-freely-moving-mice/) - Body weight is maintained through homeostatic mechanisms that balance energy intake and energy expenditure. To combat obesity, research has focused on activating thermogenesis, which accounts for 10%–15% of daily energy expenditure in humans but can expand to 30% with maximal activation (Ouellet et al., 2012). Adipocytes are central players in body weight maintenance and thermogenesis. There
- [Stamenkovic et al. Impaired drainage through capillary-venous networks contributes to age-related white matter loss.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/stamenkovic-et-al-impaired-drainage-through-capillary-venous-networks-contributes-to-age-related-white-matter-loss/) - The progressive loss of cerebral white matter during aging contributes to cognitive decline, but whether reduced blood flow is a cause or consequence remains debated. Using deep multi-photon imaging in mice, we examined microvascular networks perfusing myelinated tissues in cortical layer 6 and corpus callosum. We identified sparse, wide-reaching venules, termed principal cortical venules, that
- [Viney, T.J., et al. Spread of pathological human Tau from neurons to oligodendrocytes and loss of high-firing pyramidal neurons in aging mice.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/viney-t-j-et-al-spread-of-pathological-human-tau-from-neurons-to-oligodendrocytes-and-loss-of-high-firing-pyramidal-neurons-in-aging-mice/) - ntracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau) in the brain is associated with cognitive and motor impairments, and ultimately neurodegeneration. We investigate how human pTau affects cells and network activity in the hippocampal formation of the THY-Tau22 tauopathy model mice in vivo. We find that pTau preferentially accumulates in deep-layer pyramidal neurons, leading to neurodegeneration, and we establish
- [Lasztoczi and Klausberger. Hippocampal Place Cells Couple to Three Different Gamma Oscillations during Place Field Traversal.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/lasztoczi-and-klausberger-hippocampal-place-cells-couple-to-three-different-gamma-oscillations-during-place-field-traversal/) - Electrophysiology has enabled detailed views of the biophysics of membrane proteins, such as voltage gated ion channels or neurotransmitter receptors (Hille, 2001). Even the functions of many transporters and pumps have been clarified due to their electrogenic or ohmic properties (Fahlke et al., 2016). In some cases, electrophysiological methods have been skillfully applied to ion channels in
- [Fuhrmann et al. Locomotion, Theta Oscillations, and the Speed-Correlated Firing of Hippocampal Neurons...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/fuhrmann-et-al-locomotion-theta-oscillations-and-the-speed-correlated-firing-of-hippocampal-neurons/) - Human fMRI signals exhibit a spatial patterning that contains detailed information about a person’s mental states. Using classifiers it is possible to access this information and study brain processes at the level of individual mental representations. The precise link between fMRI signals and neural population signals still needs to be unraveled. Also, the interpretation of
- [Lasztoczi and Klausberger. Layer-Specific GABAergic Control of Distinct Gamma Oscillations in the CA1 Hippocampus.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/lasztoczi-and-klausberger-layer-specific-gabaergic-control-of-distinct-gamma-oscillations-in-the-ca1-hippocampus/) - The original formulation of Gate Control Theory (GCT) proposed that the perception of pain produced by spinal cord signaling to the brain depends on a balance of activity generated in large (nonnociceptive)- and small (nociceptive)-diameter primary afferent fibers. The theory proposed that activation of the large-diameter afferent “closes” the gate by engaging a superficial dorsal
- [Joshi et al. Behavior-dependent activity and synaptic organization of septo-hippocampal GABAergic neurons...](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/joshi-et-al-behavior-dependent-activity-and-synaptic-organization-of-septo-hippocampal-gabaergic-neurons/) - Rhythmic medial septal (MS) GABAergic input coordinates cortical theta oscillations. However, the rules of innervation of cortical cells and regions by diverse septal neurons are unknown. We report a specialized population of septal GABAergic neurons, the Teevra cells, selectively innervating the hippocampal CA3 area bypassing CA1, CA2, and the dentate gyrus. Parvalbumin-immunopositive Teevra cells show the
- [Bourboulou et al. Dynamic control of hippocampal spatial coding resolution by local visual cues.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/bourboulou-et-al-dynamic-control-of-hippocampal-spatial-coding-resolution-by-local-visual-cues/) - The ability to flexibly navigate an environment relies on a hippocampal-dependent cognitive map. External space can be internally mapped at different spatial resolutions. However, whether hippocampal spatial coding resolution can rapidly adapt to local features of an environment remains unclear. To explore this possibility, we recorded the firing of hippocampal neurons in mice navigating virtual
- [Henschke et al. Reward Association Enhances Stimulus-Specific Representations in Primary Visual Cortex.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/henschke-et-al-reward-association-enhances-stimulus-specific-representations-in-primary-visual-cortex/) - The potential for neuronal representations of external stimuli to be modified by previous experience is critical for efficient sensory processing and improved behavioral outcomes. To investigate how repeated exposure to a visual stimulus affects its representation in mouse primary visual cortex (V1), we performed two-photon calcium imaging of layer 2/3 neurons and assessed responses before,
- [Sun et al. Context value updating and multidimensional neuronal encoding in the retrosplenial cortex.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/sun-et-al-context-value-updating-and-multidimensional-neuronal-encoding-in-the-retrosplenial-cortex/) - The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) has diverse functional inputs and is engaged by various sensory, spatial, and associative learning tasks. We examine how multiple functional aspects are integrated on the single-cell level in the RSC and how the encoding of task-related parameters changes across learning. Using a visuospatial context discrimination paradigm and two-photon calcium imaging in behaving mice,
- [Lee et al. Real-time visualization of mRNA synthesis during memoryformation in live mice.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/lee-et-al-real-time-visualization-of-mrna-synthesis-during-memoryformation-in-live-mice/) - Memories are thought to be encoded in populations of neurons called memory trace or engram cells. However, little is known about the dynamics of these cells because of the difficulty in real-time monitoring of them over long periods of time in vivo. To overcome this limitation, we present a genetically encoded RNA indicator (GERI) mouse for
- [Cho et al. Hippocampal astrocyes modulate anxiety-like behavior.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/cho-et-al-hippocampal-astrocyes-modulate-anxiety-like-behavior/) - Astrocytes can affect animal behavior by regulating tripartite synaptic transmission, yet their influence on affective behavior remains largely unclear. Here we showed that hippocampal astrocyte calcium activity reflects mouse affective state during virtual elevated plus maze test using two-photon calcium imaging in vivo. Furthermore, optogenetic hippocampal astrocyte activation elevating intracellular calcium induced anxiolytic behaviors in
- [Viney et al. Spread of pathological human Tau from neurons to oligodendrocytes and loss of high-firing pyramidal neurons in aging mice.](https://www.phenosys.com/publication/viney-et-al-spread-of-pathological-human-tau-from-neurons-to-oligodendrocytes-and-loss-of-high-firing-pyramidal-neurons-in-aging-mice/) - Intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau) in the brain is associated with cognitive and motor impairments, and ultimately neurodegeneration. We investigate how human pTau affects cells and network activity in the hippocampal formation of the THY-Tau22 tauopathy model mice in vivo. We find that pTau preferentially accumulates in deep-layer pyramidal neurons, leading to neurodegeneration, and we establish

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## Product

- [JetBall-TFT](https://www.phenosys.com/article_type/jetball-tft/)
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- [MultiMouseMonitor](https://www.phenosys.com/article_type/multimousemonitor/)
- [ColonyRack](https://www.phenosys.com/article_type/colonyrack/)
- [Idspyder](https://www.phenosys.com/article_type/idspyder/)
- [Idsorter](https://www.phenosys.com/article_type/idsorter/)
- [IDsorter for Rats](https://www.phenosys.com/article_type/idsorter-for-rats/)
- [qOMR](https://www.phenosys.com/article_type/qomr/)
- [qOMR-XT](https://www.phenosys.com/article_type/qomr-xt/)
- [CaloBox](https://www.phenosys.com/article_type/calobox/)